The Deaths Of Women During Ciudad Juarez - 2788 Words

In general those who live in Ciudad Juarez know about the recurring murders over the past decade involving women. Despite of that there are still millions that are oblivious to this occurring or choose to ignore it. It also gets less talked about comparing to other issues occurring around the world. Those who choose to talk about the subject eventually give up because they saw no immediate results or any progress at all. As stated before some chose to ignore the issue because they felt it was the easy way out and had fear of their own lives as well. Especially, the residents of Ciudad Juarez were in fear to speak of it because they felt they would put their lives endangered. However, to truly understand the severity and seriousness of this subject like many other issues you need to have some idea of how and why it started and the history or facts surrounding the issue. That is why the main focus is finding the factors that may have contributed to the recurring murders of women in Ciu dad Juarez. Moreover, the effects of the murders on the victim families, the public in general, and the city. Also finding if there were any motives behind the murders of the women. Lastly, finding if there are any solutions for the murders to come to an end, any way to deter people from doing it, and has there been something done in the past decade to tackle the murders from happening again. There has been debates and deliberations on how and when the series murders of women began, butShow MoreRelatedFeminicide, Gender Violence Against Women5270 Words   |  22 PagesLAS Disposables Ciudad Juà ¡rez March 13, 2015†© Femicide and Structural Violence against Women in By: Craig Serpa LAS DISPOSABLES PAGE 1 ! Introduction Much research has been produced attempting to describe and subvert femicide in Ciudad Juà ¡rez, but perhaps the most accurate description of the gendered violence can be found in an American political cartoon. A maquiladora, or Mexican border assembly/ processing plant, stands alone among rolling hills littered with gravestones inRead MoreFemicide3013 Words   |  13 PagesPatriarchy is present in virtually every society and unfortunately is the underlying problem to most violence in the world, particularly violence towards women. Patriarchy exemplifies the misogyny that has been ever-present since probably the beginning of every society. Whether it is discrimination towards women, lack of equal rights, or violence towards women, violence that stems almost entirely from patriarchal dominance is seen throughout most human societies past and present. Violence and fear have beenRead MoreThe Basics Of Mediation Between An Addict And A Victim Of Abuse1303 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst w hat news producers believed to be more important media topics. During my undergraduate studies, I directed my focus to the journalism world hoping to connect with my community through their television addiction. It was a morbid time to work for a Spanish television station in the El Paso-Ciudad Juà ¡rez region. As an incoming news assistant, I was directed to censor all incoming video shared by our partner station in Ciudad Juà ¡rez, Televisa. This was a very difficult task as months prior I had lostRead MoreMexican Trafficking And Drug Trafficking1341 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to 2013 statistics Ciudad Juarez has one of the world’s deadliest cities with more than 3,000 murders in 2010. While the killings in Ciudad Juarez drew international attention, violence against women remained a widespread phenomenon throughout the country. Special Prosecutor Perez Duarte reported that on an annual basis approximately 1,600 women were killed nationwide, mostly resulting from domestic violence. According to 2004 statistics, the rate of wome n homicide victims over age 15Read MoreMexican Drug Cartels: Problem of the Past or Indication of the Future?1688 Words   |  7 PagesGrayson, the murder rate has more than tripled from 732 in 2006 to 2,648 in 2008, in Chihuahua, Baja California, Sonora, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. A particular horror spot is Chihuahua’s largest city Ciudad Juarez, especially for young women. Tijuana competes with Ciudad Juarez as Mexico’s most dangerous city. Thus, Calderon’s administration is focusing on restoring safety to the border states. As well, almost as alarming as the violent killings are the abductions, which have ascendedRead MoreFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern?2937 Words   |  12 PagesFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern? The definition of femicide is the killing of women and girls because of their gender; it may include methods of torture, mutilation, cruelty and sexual violence. Due to deep cultural traditions and premonitions, many nations- particularly third world countries- are facing a future where the sighting of a female in the community will be a rarity. In the past femicide has been closely associated with the ongoing gender based foeticide in India and China;Read MoreEssay about A Personal Trip to Mexico and The Mexican Revolution2895 Words   |  12 Pagesbecome involved in government affairs such as voting. It is eight in the morning. It’s a clear winter morning in Ciudad Juarez. There is not a single strip of smog running across the Mexican sky. In the distance, you can see El Paso, Texas and the never-ending Texas desert horizon from my hotel window. On the contrary side of the hotel room, is a beautiful vista point of Ciudad Juarez. A couple floors down the escalator, through the lobby, and out of the two front entrance doors of the hotel, youRead MoreDrug Cartels in Mexico Essay2834 Words   |  12 Pagesdrug cartels in Mexico (CRS 1). The most important cartels are Sinaloa and Juarez. The Sinaloa cartel operates in the states of Nayarit, Sinaloa and Mexico State (Reforma 1). The Juarez cartel operates in Sinaloa, Nuevo Leà ³n, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Morelos; and Quintana Roo. Mexican cartels employ individuals and groups of enforcers, known as sicarios. Statistics show that more than twenty people are killed daily in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua in crimes related to drugs. Drug l ords send their gunmen to strategicRead More The Role of Mexican-American Border Relations in the Political Process3339 Words   |  14 Pagessupporters of Proposition 187 racists. The economic concerns of the California residents were that the illegal immigrants were taking too many of the state’s resources in a time where resources weren’t plentiful. One economic anxiety of the residents during this time focused on the destruction of their communities from the crimes committed by illegal immigrants. Many residents, especially those in the San Diego area, attribute vandalization and robbery in their communities to illegal immigrants (Natives:Read MoreGregory Nav A Mexican Filmmaker Who Was Born Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagesbeliefs comes to take the lives of those who fall in the river, when Chucho and his mother fall into the river while attempting to return to the U.S. This belief is significant because when Chucho dies as a young adult, the family is able to accept his death and attribute it to the river spirit coming who took what should have been his years ago. On the other hand, in El Norte, Nava uses elements to suggest spiral time, r epetition of time, and the influence of Mayan concepts of cyclical time and legends

BILL PROPOSAL - 1062 Words

Bill Proposal Nur 550 April 4th, 2011 Bill Proposal To Senator Carolyn Allen, A Bill for An Act Entitled: Improved Continuity of Care Law for People with Co-occurring disorders In the Arizonan House of Representative A severe mental illness (SMI) is an assembly of mainly psychotic conditions that are, by description, extensive and related to compromised societal functioning. As stated by the surgeon general’s report of 2010, one out of five adults, or nearly 40 million Americans, suffer from some type of psychological disorder annually. In addition, about five percent of the U.S population suffers from chronic mental disorder for instance, bipolar, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia and†¦show more content†¦References Fulop, O.,Drake, R., Essock, S., Shaner, A., Carey, K., Minkoff, K., Kola, L., Lynde, D., Clark, R. Rickards, L. (2010).Implementing Dual Diagnosis Services for Clients with Severe Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 52 (4), 469-476 United States Department of Justice Statistics (2013). Correctional Populations in the United States. NCJ-163916. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2011).Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Combination of health and migrant laws amendments in the state.Health and migration laws have been long standing in us politics,its an ongoing process and batlle. TheUnited States is in the midst of a heated debate on immigration policy, and a renewed debate on health care reformhas also begun in anticipation of the 2008 presidential election. Both of these debates present an important opportunity toShow MoreRelatedBill Is A Proposal For A New Law1138 Words   |  5 PagesMost new laws passed by Parliament result from proposals made by the government. Proposal aims to shape society or address particular problems. This proposal is written down on a piece of paper which is known as bill. Hence, bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change and existing law, presented for debate before Parliament. Bill has to go through different processes to be enacted into law which is know as an Act or Statute. Green Paper: They are the consultation document preparedRead MoreFood Stamp Reform Bill Proposal Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesBecoming the New Normal). Food banks are designed for extreme measures such a natural disaster, extreme weather conditions, and the homeless. Because food is in short supply, our National government should create and endorse a New Food Stamp Reform Bill; because some individuals who are receiving the benefits that are allotted to them are committing fraud. Hard working Americans who make below the poverty line are denied every day for assistance because abusers are finding new creative ways to deceiveRead MoreLegislative Proposal for New Indecency Language in Telecom Bill2925 Words   |  12 PagesLegislative Proposal for New Indecency Language in Telecom Bill I. Summary Although the October 16, 1995 legislative proposal purports to regulate computer pornography, the proposal contains fatal flaws which render the proposal at best counterproductive and at worst devastating to on-line communications. First, it prohibits, but fails to define, indecent speech to minors -- a dangerously vague, medium-specific, and, after decades of litigation, still undefined concept, which may includeRead MoreThe Role of Parliamentary Committees1395 Words   |  6 Pagestwo main types of parliamentary committees, there are select committees who check and report on areas ranging from the work of government departments to economic affairs and there are public bill committees which mainly scrutinise proposed legislation in detail. The latter is unique to the commons, as Bills in the Lords are considered by the house as a whole. Committees certainly provide an air of legitimacy in the parliamentary system. Unlike debates, in which, as source A states ‘points put forwardRead MoreDonna Dubinsky and Apple Computer Case Study Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore the concept to determine initial feasibility and then develop the Distribution Strategy Proposal. Donna Dubinsky argued that the new plan was not feasible based on â€Å"her experience and track record with distribution.† Nevertheless, the new distribution plan was gaining support from Apple upper management. Donna Dubinsky was not involved in the presentation of the Distribution Strategy Proposal. In fact she created a counterproposal which Roy Weaver presented at a three-day executive meetingRead MoreSporting Goods Store Essay examples1025 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sporting Goods Store Bill Thompson is the new manager of a retail sporting goods store in Vermont that is part of a national chain. Bill, who is 25 years old, has been working for the company for four years. Before his promotion he was the assistant manager for two years at a company store in Delaware. Last week he was briefly introduced to the employees by his boss, the regional manager. The profit performance of this store is below average for its location and Bill is looking forward to theRead MoreAnalysis Of Heron Tower, The Junction Of Bishopsgate And Camomile Street Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagestime and buildability of the project.(1). Further research on the design criteria led me to produce sub criteria which form the basis for my design proposals. These include: accessibility (ease of access), aesthetics, functionality, productivity and sustainability. The cost implications of these criteria, form the platform for my design change proposals. 2. Heron Tower, the design aspects The subject of my report is Heron Tower, located at the junction of Bishopsgate and Camomile Street (110 BishopsgateRead More Not Being Earnest in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay examples858 Words   |  4 PagesAlgeron and Ernest are characterized by their extravagance, a luxury affordable only because of the money accrued from family inheritance.nbsp; Neither displays any notion of an appreciation for money.nbsp; In fact, when Algernons butler hands him bills that have just arrived in the mail, Algernon simply rips them up.nbsp; Wildes conception of deceit as an accepted custom in English aristocracy is also existent in this scene.nbsp; The practice of Bunburying is established, an act where eachRead MoreRequest for Proposal Baseball Practice Field Design and Construction3483 Words   |  14 PagesREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL BASEBALL PRACTICE FIELD DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HURRICANES’ BASEBALL TEAM logistic@hurricanes.com (832) 403-5698 PM598 – Contract and Procurement Management TABLE OF CONTENTS | 1. INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS | 4 | | 1.1 General Description of Work | 4 | | 1.2 What Must Included in the Bid | 4 | | 1.3 Schedule of Bid period Activities | 5 | | 1.4 Location of the Work | 6 | | 1.5 Pre-Bid Meeting | 7 | | 1.6 Owner Contact for Question | 7 | | 1Read MoreThe Implementation Of Moving Freshman Students1560 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance evaluations based on results and actions. Are Your Parents an Obstacle to Change? N 1. Are your parents pleased with the school? For the most part when it comes to education, the students are responsible for grades, tuition, bills, etc. FERPA for the most part keeps others out only on a need to know basis. N 2. Will the proposed change have little or no direct effect on the parents or their children? It would have a direct effect on the students because it would allow

Montecarlo Simulation Free Essays

string(115) " random number generator functions as inputs for your model, automates Monte Carlo simulation, and creates charts\." RiskSim is a Monte Carlo Simulation add-in for Microsoft Excel 2000–2010 (Windows) and Microsoft Excel 2004 (Macintosh). RiskSim provides random number generator functions as inputs for your model, automates Monte Carlo simulation, and creates charts. You read "Montecarlo Simulation" in category "Papers" Your spreadsheet model may include various uncontrollable uncertainties as input assumptions (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Montecarlo Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , demand for a new product, uncertain variable cost of production, competitor reaction), and you can use simulation to determine the uncertainty associated with the model’s output (e. g. , annual profit).RiskSim automates the simulation by trying hundreds of what-ifs consistent with your assessment of the uncertainties. To use RiskSim, you (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) create a spreadsheet model optionally use SensIt to identify critical inputs enter one of RiskSim’s fourteen random number generator functions in each input cell of your model in Excel 2007 or 2010, choose Add-Ins | Risk Simulation | One Output; in Excel 2003 and earlier versions, choose Tools | Risk Simulation | One Output from Excel’s menu specify the model output cell and the number of what-if trials interpret RiskSim’s histogram and cumulative distribution charts.RiskSim facilitates Monte Carlo simulation by providing: Fourteen random number generator functions Ability to set the seed for random number generation Automatic repeated sampling for simulation Frequency distribution of simulation results Histogram and cumulative distribution charts All of RiskSim’s functionality, including its built-in help, is a part of the RiskSim XLA file. There is no separate setup file or help file.When you use RiskSim on a Windows computer, it does not create any Windows Registry entries (although Excel may use such entries to keep track of its addins). 98 Chapter 10 Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim 10. 2 USING RISKSIM FUNCTIONS RiskSim adds fourteen random number generator functions to Excel. You can use these functions as inputs to your model by typing in a worksheet cell or by using the Function Wizard. From the Insert menu choose Function, or click the Function Wizard button. RiskSim’s functions are listed in a User Defined category.The fourteen functions are: RANDBINOMIAL(trials,probability_s) RANDBIVARNORMAL(mean1,stdev1,mean2,stdev2,correl12) RANDCUMULATIVE( value_cumulative_table) RANDDISCRETE(value_discrete_table) RANDEXPONENTIAL(lambda) RANDINTEGER(bottom,top) RANDLOGNORMAL(Mean,StDev) RANDNORMAL(mean,standard_dev) RANDPOISSON(mean) RANDSAMPLE(population) RANDTRIANGULAR(minimum,most_likely,maximum) RANDTRUNCBIVARNORMAL(mean1,stdev1,mean2,stdev2,correl12, min1,max1,min2,max2) RANDTRUNCNORMAL(Mean,StDev,MinValue,MaxValue)) RANDUNIFORM(minimum,maximum) RiskSim’s RAND†¦ functions include extensive error checking of arguments.After verifying that the functions are working properly, you may want to substitute RiskSim’s FAST†¦ functions which have minimal error checking and therefore run faster. From the Edit menu choose Replace; in the Replace dialog box, type =RAND in the â€Å"Find What† edit box, type =FAST in the â€Å"Replace with† edit box, and click the Replace All button. 10. 3 UPDATING LINKS TO RISKSIM FUNCTIONS When you insert a RiskSim random number generator function in a worksheet cell, th e function is linked to the disk location of the RiskSim XLA file you are currently using.During the current Excel session, the formula bar shows only the name of the RiskSim function. But when you save and close the workbook, Excel saves the complete path to the disk location of RiskSim function. For example, after closing and reopening the workbook, the formula bar might show C:MyAddIns isk240s. xlaRandNormal(100, 10). This is standard behavior for Excel user defined functions like the ones contained in the RiskSim XLA file. When you open the workbook, Excel looks for the RiskSim XLA file using the saved path. If Excel cannot find the RiskSim XLA file at the saved path location (e. . , if you deleted the RiskSim XLA file from the C:MyAddIns folder or if you opened the workbook on another 10. 3 Updating Links To RiskSim Functions 99 computer where the RiskSim XLA file is not located at the same path), Excel displays a dialog box like the one shown below. Figure 10. 1 Excel 2003 Warning To Update Links If you see this dialog box or a similar warning when you open an Excel file, choose the â€Å"Don’t Update† option. The workbook will be opened, but any cell containing a reference to a RiskSim function will display the #NAME? or similar error code.To update the links after the workbook is open, be sure that a RiskSim XLA file is open. Then choose Edit | L inks to see the dialog box shown below. In Excel 2007 or 2010, if you open a workbook with RiskSim functions referring to a RiskSim file location that no longer exists, you may see a warning. In Excel 2007, if you click the Options button of the security warning, you can click OK in the Security Options dialog box to dismiss the warning. Before you update the links, be sure that the RiskSim XLA file is open. In Excel 2007, choose Office Button | Prepare | Edit Links to Files to see the dialog box shown below.In Excel 2010, choose File | Info | Edit Links to Files to see the Edit Links dialog box. Figure 10. 2 Edit Links Dialog Box To update the links, click the Change Source button. A file browser window will open, where you can navigate to the RiskSim XLA file that is open. After you select the file using the file browser, click OK. Back in the Edit Links dialog box, click the Close button. 100 Chapter 10 Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim In Excel 2003 the Edit Links dialog box has a Startup Prompt button. To avoid possible problems when Excel tries to automatically update links while a ile is being opened, we recommend the default â€Å"Let users choose to display the alert or not. † Figure 10. 3 Excel 2003 Startup Prompt Dialog Box 10. 4 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION After specifying random number generator functions as inputs to your model, from the Tools choose Risk Simulation | One Output. Figure 10. 4 RiskSim Dialog Box Optionally, select the â€Å"Output Label Cell† edit box, and point or type a reference to a cell containing the name of the model output (for example, a cell whose contents is the text label â€Å"Net Profit†). Select the â€Å"Output Formula Cell† edit box, and point to a single cell on your worksheet or type a cell reference.The output cell of your model must contain a formula that depends, usually indirectly, on the model inputs determined by the random number generator functions. Leave the Random Number Seed unchanged, or select the â€Å"Random Number Seed† edit box, and type a number between 1 and 2,147,483,647. Use an integer value without commas or other separators. Select the â€Å"Number Of Trials† edit box, and type an integer value between 2 and 32,000. This value, sometimes called the sample size or number of iterations, specifies the number of times the worksheet will be recalculated to determine output values of your model. 0. 5 Random Number Seed 101 10. 5 RANDOM NUMBER SEED The â€Å"Random Number Seed† edit box on the RiskSim dialog box allows you to set the seed for RiskSim’s random number generator functions. The seed must be an integer in the range 1 through 2,147,483,647. RiskSim’s random number generator functions depend on RiskSim’s own uniform random number function that is completely independent of Excel’s built-in RAND(). Random numbers generated by the computer are actually pseudo-random. The numbers appear to be r andom, and they pass various statistical tests for randomness.But they are actually calculated by an algorithm where each random number depends on the previous random number. Such an algorithm generates a repeatable sequence. The seed specifies where the algorithm starts in the sequence. A Monte Carlo simulation model usually has uncontrollable inputs (uncertain quantities using random number generator functions), controllable inputs (decision variables that have fixed values for a particular set of simulation iterations), and an output variable (a performance measure or operating characteristic of the system).For example, a simple queuing system model may have an uncertain arrival pattern, a controllable number of servers, and total cost (waiting time plus server cost) as output. To evaluate a different number of servers, you would specify the same seed before generating the uncertain arrivals. Then the variation in total cost should depend on the different number of servers, not o n the particular sequence of random numbers that generates the arrivals. 10. 6 ONE-OUTPUT EXAMPLE In this example the decision maker has described his subjective uncertainty using normal, triangular, and discrete probability distributions.Figure 10. 5 One-Output Example Model Display 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B Software Decision Analysis Unit Price Units Sold Unit Variable Cost Fixed Costs Net Cash Flow $29 739 $8. 05 $12,000 $3,485 C D E F G H Price is controllable and constant. Normal Mean = 700, StDev = 100 Triangular Min = $6, Mode = $8, Max = $11 Discrete Value Probability $10,000 0. 25 $12,000 0. 50 $15,000 0. 25 Figure 10. 6 One-Output Example Model Formulas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A Software Decision Analysis Unit Price Units Sold Unit Variable Cost Fixed Costs Net Cash Flow B 29 =INT(RANDNORMAL(700,100)) =RANDTRIANGULAR(6,8,11) =RANDDISCRETE(E7:F9) =B4*(B3-B5)-B6 102 Chapter 10 Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim Figure 10. 7 RiskSim Dialog Box for One-Output Example 10. 7 RISKSIM OUTPU T FOR ONE-OUTPUT EXAMPLE When you click the Simulate button, RiskSim creates a new worksheet in your Excel workbook named â€Å"RiskSim Summary 1. † A summary of your inputs and the output is shown in cells L1:R9 with the accompanying histogram and cumulative distribution charts. 10. 7 RiskSim Output for One-Output Example 103 Figure 10. RiskSim Summary Output for One-Output Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 L RiskSim Date Time Workbook Worksheet Output Cell Output Label Seed Trials M (current date) (current time) (file name) Simulation Model for One Output $B$8 Net Cash Flow 9999 1000 RiskSim  ? Histogram 80 70 60 N O P Q Mean St. Dev. Mean St. Error Minimum First Quartile Median Third Quartile Maximum Skewness R $2,207 $2,816 $89 -$5,917 $184 $2,281 $4,148 $11,291 0. 0409 Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 ? 6,000 ? $4,000 ? $2,000 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,0 00 Net  Cash  Flow RiskSim  ? Cumulative  Chart 1. 0 0. 9 Cumulative  Probability 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 ? $6,000 ? $4,000 ? $2,000 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 Net  Cash  Flow The histogram is based on the frequency distribution in columns I:J. The cumulative distribution is based on the sorted output values in column C and the cumulative probabilities in column D. 104 Chapter 10 Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim Figure 10. 9 RiskSim Numerical Output for One-Output ExampleA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 B Trial Net Cash Flow 1 $2,815 2 -$1,381 3 -$496 4 -$866 5 $5,795 6 -$3,320 7 $3,295 8 $8,360 9 -$2,157 10 $4,313 11 -$1,375 12 $2,198 13 -$744 14 $3,104 15 -$2,814 16 $4,165 17 -$2,575 18 $2,643 19 -$3,676 20 $2,186 21 -$3,492 22 -$847 23 $3,335 24 $4,641 25 $4,814 26 $536 27 -$909 28 $4,477 29 -$597 30 $4,018 31 $3,012 32 $4,590 33 $174 34 $3,257 3 5 $6,952 36 $6,252 37 $4,017 38 $5,386 C D Sorted Cumulative -$5,917 0. 0005 -$5,860 0. 0015 -$5,422 0. 025 -$4,702 0. 0035 -$4,646 0. 0045 -$4,601 0. 0055 -$4,513 0. 0065 -$4,439 0. 0075 -$4,057 0. 0085 -$4,037 0. 0095 -$4,027 0. 0105 -$3,884 0. 0115 -$3,846 0. 0125 -$3,715 0. 0135 -$3,684 0. 0145 -$3,676 0. 0155 -$3,561 0. 0165 -$3,525 0. 0175 -$3,492 0. 0185 -$3,468 0. 0195 -$3,320 0. 0205 -$3,285 0. 0215 -$3,250 0. 0225 -$3,178 0. 0235 -$3,118 0. 0245 -$3,104 0. 0255 -$3,071 0. 0265 -$3,065 0. 0275 -$3,054 0. 0285 -$2,960 0. 0295 -$2,957 0. 0305 -$2,830 0. 0315 -$2,820 0. 0325 -$2,814 0. 0335 -$2,795 0. 0345 -$2,671 0. 0355 -$2,654 0. 0365 -$2,638 0. 375 E F Percent 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% G Percentile -$5,917 -$2,459 -$1,405 -$809 -$196 $184 $694 $1,032 $1,442 $1,835 $2,281 $2,634 $2,972 $3,324 $3,737 $4,148 $4,617 $5,142 $5,673 $6,736 $11,291 H I J Upper Limit Frequency -$6,000 0 -$5,500 2 -$5,000 1 -$4,500 4 -$4,000 4 -$3,500 7 -$3,000 11 -$2,500 19 -$2,000 23 -$1,500 26 -$1,000 35 -$500 39 $0 62 $500 47 $1,000 65 $1,500 59 $2,000 64 $2,500 63 $3,000 75 $3,500 65 $4,000 57 $4,500 58 $5,000 49 $5,500 51 $6,000 30 $6,500 22 $7,000 18 $7,500 15 $8,000 7 $8,500 7 $9,000 7 $9,500 2 $10,000 4 $10,500 0 $11,000 1 $11,500 1 $12,000 0In column D, the cumulative probabilities start at 1/(2*N), where N is the number of trials, and increase by 1/N. The rationale is that the lowest ranked output value of the sampled values is an estimate of the population’s values in the range from 0 to 1/N, and the lowest ranked value is associated with the median of that range. Column B contains the original sampled output values. Columns F:G show percentiles based on Excel’s PERCENTILE worksheet function. Refer to Excel’s online help for the interpolation method used by the PERCENTILE function.The summary measures in columns Q:R are also based on Excel worksheet functions: AVERAGE, STDEV, QUARTILE, an d SKEW. 10. 8 CUSTOMIZING RISKSIM CHARTS If the labels on the horizontal axis are numbers with many digits, some of the labels may wrap around so that some of the digits display below the others. One way to remedy this anomaly is to 10. 8 Customizing RiskSim Charts 105 widen the chart (click just inside the outer border of the chart so that eight chart handles are shown and then drag the middle chart handle on the left or right to widen the chart).Another way is to select the horizontal axis (click between the labels on the horizontal axis so that â€Å"Value (X) axis† appears in the name box in the upper left of Excel) and change to a smaller font size using the Font Size drop-down edit box on the the Formatting tool bar. The histogram chart is a combination chart using a column chart type for the vertical bars and an XY (Scatter) chart type for the horizontal axis. The two chart types align properly as long as the horizontal axis retains the same minimum and maximum values. For example, if you want more spacing between the dollar labels on the horizontal axis, select the horizontal axis (so that â€Å"Value (X) axis† appears in the name box in the upper left of Excel), choose Format | Selected Axis | Scale, and change the â€Å"Major unit† from 1000 to 2000. In Excel 2007 or 2010, select the axis, right-click, and choose Format Axis | Axis Options. Do not change the Minimum = –6000 or the Maximum = 12000. The histogram appears as shown below. Figure 10. 0 Original Histogram With Modified Horizontal Axis Major Unit RiskSim  ? Histogram 80 70 60 Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 ? $6,000 ? $4,000 ? $2,000 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 Net  Cash  Flow The cumulative chart is a standard XY (Scatter) chart type, so you can change the major unit as described above, but you can also change the minimum and maximum without affecting the integrity of the chart. Another way to obtain more spacing on the horizontal axis of the histogram or cumulative chart is to use a custom format.For example, if you want to show values in thousands instead of the original units, select the horizontal axis (click between the labels on the horizontal axis so that â€Å"Value (X) axis† appears in the name box in the upper left of Excel), choose Format | Selected Axis | Number | Custom, and enter a comma at the end of the current format shown in the â€Å"Type:† edit box. In Excel 2007 or 2010, right-click the horizontal axis, choose Format Axis | Number, change the Format Code, and click the Add button. After changing the original format â€Å"$#,##0† to â€Å"$#,##0,† and modifying the horizontal axis title, the cumulative chart appears as shown below. 06 Chapter 10 Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim Figure 10. 11 Original Cumulative Chart With Horizontal Axis Custom Format RiskSim  ? Cumulative  Chart 1. 0 0. 9 Cumulative  Probability 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 ? $6 ? $4 ? $2 $0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 Net  Cash  Flow,   in  thousands  of  dollars 10. 9 RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR FUNCTIONS RandBinomial Returns a random value from a binomial distribution. The binomial distribution can model a process with a fixed number of trials where the outcome of each trial is a success or failure, the trials are independent, and the probability of success is constant.RANDBINOMIAL counts the total number of successes for the specified number of trials. If n is the number of trials, the possible values for RANDBINOMIAL are the non-negative integers 0,1,†¦ ,n. RANDBINOMIAL Syntax: RANDBINOMIAL(trials,probability_s) Trials (often denoted n) is the number of independent trials. Probability_s (often denoted p) is the probability of success on each trial. RANDBINOMIAL Remarks Returns #N/A if there are too few or too many arguments. Returns #NAME! if an argument is text and the name is undefined. Returns #NUM! if trials is non-integer or less than one, or probability_s is less than zero or more than one.Returns #VALUE! if an argument is a defined name of a cell and the cell is blank or contains text. RANDBINOMIAL Example A salesperson makes ten unsolicited calls per day, where the probability of making a sale on each call is 70 percent. The uncertain total number of sales in one day is =RANDBINOMIAL(10,0. 7) 10. 9 Random Number Generator Functions 107 Figure 10. 12 RandBinomial Example Probability Mass Function Probability, P(X=x) 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Numbe r of Sa le s in 10 Ca lls, x Figure 10. 13 RandBinomial Example Cumulative Probability Function 1. 0 0. 9 Cumulative Probability, P(X How to cite Montecarlo Simulation, Papers

Knowledge Experience Well Influencing Power -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Knowledge Experience Well Influencing Power? Answer: Introducation In the case of Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission [1993] 9 WAR 395 the question before the court was to determine whether the director involved in relation to the operations of the company has been able to live up to the expectations which is imposed on the directors while they discharge. When this case had been decided the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) has not been in enacted therefore statutory duties in relation to which a director must function with respect to an organisation was not applicable. However in this case the duty which the directors needed to comply with and which the court has to analyse was the mirror image of the duty provided in section 180(1) of the act. This duty was in relation to the observance of a degree of due care and diligence while operating on behalf of the company. In this case it had been provided by the court that the direction and management of the organisation consists of making decisions and working upon actions which may bring much promise on one hand however on the same time they are fraught with risk on the other hand. This system is inherent in the life cycle of Commerce and industry. In this case a non executive director was assumed to have significant responsibilities in relation to the operations of the company. This is because he had significant experience in commercial matters along with the specialised knowledge ability and skill which is required to manipulate or influence the company's affairs which have been conducted previously in a way which can be considered as totally inappropriate. The director in this case was expected to take into account or more intense analysis and evaluation in relation to the affairs of the company. In this context Ipp J had held at the director has to be excused from any form of liability as if it is not done it would be discouragement towards the expected entrepreneurship from non executive directors like him. In addition it has been stated by him that the process of balancing foreseeable risk in relation to harm which may arise against the potential benefits which may have been expected reasonably to arise in relation to the organisation from the conduct of the directors in this case. In addition in this case both Malcolm CJ and Ipp J had agreed upon the fact that Where are non executive director holds considerable knowledge and experience as well as influencing power, while analysing his actions they need to be compared to a standard of an executive director. In addition it has been held by the judge in this case that the statutory duty in relation to diligence and care would be breached in case the director in context have failed to exercise reasonable extent of diligence and care while exercising his power and discharging his obligations towards organisation. In addition this duty exists or is violated even in situation where the organisation has not faced any actual damage and merely in situation where it could have been reasonably foreseen that such actions of the director would on a subject the organisation or its interest to detriment or harm. This can be simplified as the shareholders and the organisation itself along with the creditors of the company where the financial position of the company is not good have to taken into consideration while determining whether the hard was possible or not and whether the duty has been violated or not. It has also been stated by the court in this case that the best interest of the organisation include the best interest of the members in form of members. The judges also held at even when there is no actual damage caused to the organisation the duty of care and diligence maybe breached by the directors of the company. The judges in this case also provided that the question in relation to the breach of duty of care and diligence can only be addressed properly by referring to the creation of a balance in relation to the possible risk of harm with respect to the potential benefits which could have been expected reasonably to be gained by the company from the actions. In addition the directors of the company have the right to rely upon the judgement, advice and information provided by those officers of the company who have been entrusted to do so without any verification. However the principal has to be considered in the light of the duty to make enquiry when suspicion arises in relation to the mind of a reasonable director. The duties violated by the directors in this case In this case the Australian security Commission had made an allegation in relation to the non executive director that there was a failure on his part to apply a due degree of care and diligence in relation to his operations towards the organisation. If the situation is referred to the contemporary law it may be stated that the director of the company was allowed to violate the provisions which have been stated in the corporation act through section 180(1). This section provides that while discharging the duties there must be a due degree of care intelligence observed by the directors of the company. This due degree of care and diligence is analysed or determined by the court by employing another reasonable director in the same position of the director against whom the allegation has been made and then find out whether the reasonable director would have taken the same decision as the actual director. If it can be established through this test that the reasonable director in the same s ituation in that of the actual director would have taken the same decision then the duty of care and diligence have not been breached by the actual director. However in case the reasonable director would not have taken the decision which was taken by the actual director then it will be stated that the actual director has violated the provisions provided in this section. In the contemporary law which is the Corporation Act governing organisations registered in Australia the penalty for breaching this section by any director of a company is provided under section 1317E of the legislation. Under this section the director may be suspended by the court from managing Corporation in Australia in the future. In addition if this civil penalty provision is violated by any director the court in case of a serious breach has the right to impose a financial penalty on the director as well. Moreover if the director recklessly and knowingly violates the provision provided in section 180 then a criminal proceedings may also be brought against the director under the provisions of section 6.1 of the criminal code. Analysis of the decision which have been provided by the court in relation to this case. The case involves the application of common law principles of negligence in relation to a duty of care on corporate organization. In this case it had been ruled by the court that the non executive director is to be excused or declared not guilty by the court in the given situation. While providing this decision it was also held by the court that the director have violated the duty which he had towards a company however if he is prosecuted it would discourage other entrepreneurs to involve in decision making which may be in the interest of the organisation in future. The decision of the case consists of both a positive and negative aspect. It was clear to the judges in this case that the director have indulge in actions which are in violation of law. However taking into consideration the future implications of the case the Court held at the directors should not be liable. As done in the case of Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Sino Australia Oil Gas Ltd - [2014] FCA 565 in situation where the director has violated any duty he should be prosecuted. The decision of the court in this case is also supported by the provisions of section 1318 of the Corporation Act which have been included to forgive the directors in situations where they violet the duty what buy them to the organisation. Thus through this discussion it is clear that this case has a lot of legal significance in relation to the Australian Corporate Law. It not only provides what actually constitutes the breach of the duty of diligence and care in relation to the organisation but also state the situation in which the director may be excused from the liability. The implications of this case on the future of Australian legal system are discussed below. Future implications of the case in relation to the Australian legal system One of the most significant implications of this case is that the statutory duty in relation to diligence and care would be breached in case the director in context have failed to exercise reasonable extent of diligence and care while exercising his power and discharging his obligations towards organisation. In addition this duty exists or is violated even in situation where the organisation has not faced any actual damage and merely in situation where it could have been reasonably foreseen that such actions of the director would on a subject the organisation or its interest to detriment or harm. This can be simplified as the shareholders and the organisation itself along with the creditors of the company where the financial position of the company is not good have to be taken into consideration while determining whether the hard was possible or not and whether the duty has been violated or not. It has also been stated by the court in this case that the best interest of the organisat ion include the best interest of the members in form of members. These principles have been applied in the case of ASIC v Cassimatis (No 8) [2016] FCA 1023 where the director was held liable for the breach of statutory duty of diligence and care even where there was no financial loss faced by the organization. The loss of the organization reputation was held enough by the court to come to a conclusion that the duty of diligence and care have been violated. In this case it had been provided by the court that the direction and management of the organisation consists of making decisions and working upon actions which may bring much promise on one hand however on the same time they are fraught with risk on the other hand. The application of these principles had been done by the court in the case of Re Connective Services Pty Ltd (28 November 2017) [2017] VSC 609 as done by Robson J. This case set out for the future that the directors has to be excused from any form of liability as if it is not done it would be discouragement towards the expected entrepreneurship from non-executive directors like him. These principles of the case has been established through section 1318 of the Corporation Act 2001. However excusing a director entirely is situation where a breach of duty has been identified has rarely been done in the legal system. One more significant ruling which had been provided through this case is that the process of balancing foreseeable risk in relation to harm which may arise against the potential benefits which may have been expected reasonably to arise in relation to the organisation from the conduct of the directors in this case. These provisions have been successfully applied in the case of ASIC v Doyle (2001) 38 ACSR 606; ASIC v Macdonald (No 11) (2009) 256 ALR 199. Another significant implication of this case is that where are non-executive director holds considerable knowledge and experience as well as influencing power, while analysing his actions they need to be compared to a standard of an executive director. In this case a non-executive director was assumed to have significant responsibilities in relation to the operations of the company. The application of these principles have been done by the court in the case of ASIC v Healey (2011) FCA 717 References ASIC v Cassimatis (No 8) [2016] FCA 1023 ASIC v Doyle (2001) 38 ACSR 606 ASIC v Healey (2011) FCA 717 ASIC v Macdonald (No 11) (2009) 256 ALR 199. Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Re Connective Services Pty Ltd (28 November 2017) [2017] VSC 609 Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission [1993] 9 WAR 395

Resource Distribution Corporate Social Responsibility Policy

Executive Summary To worthy causes, it is important that as a member of the society, the business entities should give their support which mainly includes donating money and devoted time. The corporate social responsibility emerged in the United State and Europe as corporation became more powerful and then the communities started reacting to their excess power.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Resource Distribution: Corporate Social Responsibility Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even thought the corporate social responsibility has been in existence since the 1990s, its application has increased in the 2000s with many nations developing legal basis for it. Many of these laws assert that the reason for using the CSR policy has two major reasons; to optimize the work of private sector in the societal welfare and to decrease the possible social gap between the local community and the â€Å"company commun ity†. The state has urged companies to become a source of welfare not simply for their employees but also for the whole community in general. For this company, the corporate social responsibility is normally stretched beyond money donations and volunteering of time for what it’s worth. This policy has become a way in through which the company basically operates. The company seeks to be the best member of the society by operating responsibly to the employees, the community in general. The operations of the Company are environment friendly and supportive of the sustainable environment. This is the reason the firm invests in the welfare of the organisation through grants, fundraising, community service, scholarships and awards. The firm has made CSR an integral part of this business plan, action plans and goals. Introduction There are essentially three levels of social responsibility that this company pursues. The first level is just institutional and this is done in accor dance to the company’s general responsibility as a business entity to the society. This includes paying tax and observing the minimum wage requirement. The second is organisational level where this company takes responsibility for its activities and operations and the impact to the society like wastes and energy emissions. The third level and the one that is addressed in this report is the ‘individual’ responsibility and this is finds its basis in the fact that there is administrative discretion and managers act as social actors and they make the decisions on how the business would give back to the society. Case Study I: Australian Red Cross History The vision of the organisation is to improve the lives of the most susceptible individuals in Australia and across the world by mobilisation of the humanitarian support.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Th e Australian Red Cross was established as a branch of the British Red Cross in 1914. The organisation was formed as an initiative of Lady Helen Munro-Ferguson. She was the wife of the governor general and she convened a meeting exactly nine days after the First World War had begun and this was on 13th august 1914 (Suter, 2010, p. 1). She was previously been a member of the British red cross in Fyfe, Scotland and by virtue of this, she definitely aware of the crucial role the organisation had played in Britain in the previous years (Oppenheimer, 2008, p. 45). At the same time she invited the wives of all the governors to create a local committee in every capital which readily accepted and this way, the Australian Red cross was born (Suter, 2010, p. 1). The First World War The major task that the initial Australian Red Cross was charged with was to offer first aid care to the wounded troops. The services offered included distribution simple necessities like soaps for bathing and washi ng, special food stuffs for the victims, other toiletries and other help needed by the sick as well. In very few weeks after the formations this organisation, it got help very fast and it was already set to distribute items like clothing. The victims were therefore provided with shirts, socks and cardigans since many had lost their properties. Because they also sustained injuries, the Red Cross enabled provision of medication and medical equipment. In few months the Australian red cross expanded its services and begun shipping items like hospital facilities, food stuffs and mosquito nets. It started providing voluntary Aid Detachments where the volunteer took care of the sick and injured people in hospital on transportation on trains and the convalescent homes (Suter, 2010, p. 1). In 1915, this branch of Red Cross started the transportation service which later became one of the main activities of the organisation. These services enabled driving of soldiers who were injured and broug ht to the hospital ships back to their homes and to convalescent facilities. In a very short time, up to 1916, the services had enough vehicles serving battle fields of France, east Africa and Italy. This experience of the First World War made the organisation realise that transport was the main activity (Suter, 2010, p. 2). This included ambulance rounds and trips to collect materials and return patients home.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Resource Distribution: Corporate Social Responsibility Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1945, the Red Cross had a very efficient transport department performing at its peak as a result of its efficiency and the number of victims of the war, this department experienced the highest need ever. The volunteering drivers drove 1000s of injured servicemen and prisoners of war to hospitals, homes, and convalescence facilities. The roads were seen having many buses an d vans in airports, railways and other terminuses picking soldiers (Suter, 2010, p. 2). The Red Cross supplied these personal except professionals like nurses and doctors. The Red Cross undertook to care for enormous activities during the Second World War period, consequently, its volunteers actively worked alongside medical practitioners to execute this assistance. In the post war time, the Australian Red Cross became actively involved in offering emergency services and developmental relief help to many nations in the region (Suter, 2010, p. 3). Many parts of the world were in great disparity and the Red Cross took the initiative of fulfilling the humanitarian responsibility whenever it could. However the main focus was to provide help to regions overseas. These areas included the Asia pacific region and Africa. One main department of the Australian Red Cross was the blood service which was established in 1929 to provide blood testing and transfusion services. Today it is the best blood service on the planet. Currently, the national office if the organisation is located in Melbourne and its chief executive officer has society-wide responsibility. Each major city has state and territory officers responsible for recruiting and provision of services. These services include blood services, first aid, health and safety issues, tracing and refugee services and disaster and community service (Suter, 2010, p. 3). The organisation is also an active member of the international Red Cross operating in 186 nations. The achievement of this organisation were to provide services to the world war victims and in the recent times, it has been very active in responding to the disaster like tsunami, accidents, the Indonesian earthquake and other program in the community supporting vulnerable people and giving them a chance to improve their lives (Suter, 2010, p. 4). The Red Cross also has programs across the world dealing in the issues related to HIV/AIDS pandemic, provision of c lean water and sanitation. The mission of the organisation has been to be the leader in provisions of humanitarian services in Australia, improving lives of susceptible persons via service delivery and to promote the humanitarian regulations and values. The size of the organisation is very large as it operates worldwide. It has over 1 million volunteers and 6,000 members serving in many countries across the world.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The structure of the organisation is simple and decentralized leadership style. There are overseas programs representing the organisation in international affairs and nine department of operation. Internationally, is managed at three levels; the council which comprises of 53 voting members with major positions of president and vice president (Australian Red Cross, 2009, para. 1). There are also positions chairpersons of every divisional advisory board in the management team. Other important posts are the audit and risk management committee. To ensure equal representation, there is the position of a youth member. There is the chairperson of the blood service as this is a major department of Red Cross. Finally there are six special councillors, state and territory representatives (Australian Red Cross, 2009, para. 1). The committee receives organisational reports and financial statements. They also have the powers to vote for or appoint board members. They have the responsibility of s electing auditors and to amending the royal charter and rules. At the second level, the board comprises of 16 members headed by the president. The members include a youth member, blood services chairperson, divisional advisory board chairpersons and the risk management committee. The third level is the Chief Executive Officer who is delegated to the daily affairs by the board (Australian Red Cross, 2009, para. 1). This is the manger of the services of the organization through departmental managers like chief financial officer director fundraising and marketing, chief operations officer. All the council members volunteers their skills, sacrifice their time and energy for humanitarian benefit. The organisation recruits international workers are paid when on abroad mission. This is achieved through technical phone interviews where the applicant discusses their qualification, skills and experience. The Red Cross also conducts behaviour assessments and then successful candidates are hire d and further trained on the relevant skills and policies of the organisation at the international Mobilisation for Action (IMPACT) (Australian Red Cross, 2009, para. 1). Our company can support the Red Cross by allocating the $ 200,000 to the humanitarian kitty especially to support medical, health and safety services. This is because in the recent past, the cases of disasters have increased and medical response is needed where the Red Cross team is required to respond promptly (Australian Red Cross, 2009, para. 1). Case Study II History In 1947, Dr. Bob Pierce reported that he had come across a situation that totally changed his life when he was on mission to China. Pierce had encountered a battered and abandoned child called White Jade this child was temporarily in the customer of her teacher, World Vision International, (2009, para. 2). He gave five dollars, the only money he had at that moment to the teacher and promised he would send the same amount every month until when the child would fully recover. This encounter inspired him to establish an organisation that would take care of the needs of children ad they seemed to be uncared for by other humanitarian organisations across the world Vision International, (2009, para. 2). This way, the Vision was born. In 1953, the child sponsorship program was initiated. The objective of this program was to respond to the needs (shelter, food, clothing, education, emotional support and love) of thousands of children who became victims of the Korean War. Currently, the organisation is operational in 90 developing nations across the world (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). By the year 1957, the organisation had found enough grounds to get it rolling and therefore it opened its first office in a small space in downtown Toronto. Currently the organisation has big national headquarters in Mississauga and has become one of the major and busiest office in the partnership (Gibbs Grey, 2006, p. 141). Size, work and achievem ent The organisation relies on support from individuals, government agencies, and corporate partners who are companies like ours (Rondinelli, 2006, p. 45). The world vision address the plight of the poor children, those marginalized for other reasons and seeks to develop developmental programs that are sustainable in community work (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). The organisation has over 607,319 donors across the globe supporting it and some companies give out money to the organisation s part of their corporate social responsibility work. World vision also has partnerships with over 390 projects worldwide and this is what has given the organisation enough resources to be able to offer help to millions of children and impoverished around the world each every year. Currently, over 454,309 children benefit from projects run by the organisation across the world. The organisation has focused on fostering change in developing nations and responding to emergency conditions in these reg ions. The organization strives to change unjust policies, and structure via foreign policy and establishing projects that empower the poor people (Garth, 2007, p. 5). Its partnerships with the governmental agencies and other humanitarian projects across the world have made world vision become a leader in overseas development and as a result the organisation is able to address the vulnerable children (Tim Claire, 2003, p. 294). The organisation provides help for child poverty eradication, offer health and nutritional help, assistance during armed conflict and HIV/AIDS intervention (Garth, 2007, p. 5). Organisational culture is that the organisation is a Christian based relief and development body and a major humanitarian worker. it engages in activities like, provision of children sponsorship programs (Gibbs Grey, 2006, p. 141), promoting Christian values, enhancing community awareness to justice, campaign for sensitivity to the needs of others, provision of emergency relief and wo rking in collaboration with churches and governments to promote the general welfare of children especially the orphans (Tim Claire, 2003, p. 294). The World Vision International now headquartered in Monrovia California and it has a staff of 40,000 employee across the globe and 48 national officers across the world and operating in 100 countries. Most of the funding is from the private individual, foundations and corporations (Rondinelli, 2006, p. 65). The government also gives its support. Organizational Structure The world vision is a legal entity and it has a simple international organizational structure to enable it run its operations properly. The national offices include the members and partners of world vision. On the international arena, the organisation is managed by the World vision council (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). The council has the responsibility of designing the structure of membership, finding and entering into partnership. The council also has representativ es in every national office in the countries that it operates in. The council meets after every three years to develop policies and recommend them to the board, design strategies and evaluate whether the strategic goals were met (Tim Claire, 2003, p. 294). The board has 25 members and they are only from 19 countries where the organisation has operations. The board meets twice a year. The board has power to elect and fire officers and employees. It’s also the responsibility of the board to appoint members to national committees and make resource disburdenment. To exercise responsible management and accountability the board hires independent auditors and amend and repeal bylaws. The Australian national management is a very good representation of corporate governance. It is managed by a board of 14 non-executive directors who regularly reviews the organizational mission, values, resources ethical standards and the financial position so as to ensure accurate auditing and legal, statutory and moral law compliance. The board has a number of subcommittee that helps to evaluate the business environment, threats and opportunities so as to protect the assets and oversee corporate governance processes. Marketing and promotion The strategy used is mainly promoting the organization on the television. Watching TVC has been very effective in pulling heart strings. The managers say how else they can get the attention of people when they are not aware that there is a pathetic nation suffering. The out of sight out of mind blocks people who can assist from thinking about charity. The organization bombards the audience with the images depicting disparity in the developing nations to help them gain sympathy. Even though marketer complain that this negative images build disparity, world vision states that there is no actual ‘want’ that it wishes to fill and therefore the TVC creates a discontent. Comparison and Contrast of Both Organisations Comparison The hum anitarian work in Australia is very effective and the NGOs are very actively involved and this has greatly increased the impact to these organisation to the community and reach of the aid. Major players include Australian Red Cross and the World Vision among others (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). These two organisations have been very active for a very long time in the country especially delivering aid to overseas projects. Both organisation are recognised by the Australian government as the most valuable NGOs in the country they have a very good partnership with the government and this has helped them to be efficient in their delivery of assist around the country. These two organisations alone account for up to 7 percent of the aid programs in the country (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). These organisations are able to bring particular strength to the society and the Australian projects. The organisations mobilise public support and voluntary contribution to the support (Oppen heimer, 2008, p. 45). These organisations have very strong connections and wider network with the community and this is what makes them efficient in penetrating and taking help to the needy people in the developing countries. They are able to offer aid and other type of services to even areas that the government-to-government connection or aid cannot be attained because of various reasons. These organizations have a lot of experience and expertise in address the needs of people in disparity times especially during emergencies where there needs to be fast and flexible responses. Both world vision and Red Cross contribute to the kit that the Australian government needs to progress its projects abroad or overseas. They do this in collaboration with the aid agency of the government of Australia and education.au (Oppenheimer, 2008, p. 48) The world vision and the Red Cross have been very active in provision of quick response and generous support to the communities in need following human itarian crises at national and international levels (Johnson Stoskopf, 2010, p. 369). The organisations have been effective in supporting international responses to places like pacific islands, Indonesia, Africa, Asia and Iraq. Contrast Australian Red Cross focused on emergency response to the victims of accidents, natural disasters and war (Oppenheimer, 2008, p. 45). The organisation has hence been seen to be active in activities like distribution of health facilities and water. For instance when the Cyclone Yasi hit Australian in the northern Queensland, about 150,000 fled their homes to seek safety elsewhere. The Red Cross responded to provide first and safety services, food stuff and water among other things. Since then the organisation has sought to up its effort to provide for the needs of those in desperate situation and has included major activities like evacuation and recovery as main projects it ventures in. The word vision does not actively engage on provision of first a ids services and evacuation activities. By virtue of this, the Australian Red Cross has been actively providing emergency preparedness services to help people in preparation for emergencies focusing on the most vulnerable communities like the elderly and people with disabilities (Oppenheimer, 2008, p. 48). They also seek to strengthen people’s resilience when faced with emotional and financial problems. Red Cross responds to emergencies and offer personal support to the victims to survive after the disaster or problem they experienced. This helps in coping between with the long term impact of the disasters. World vision supports children to cope when they are orphaned contrary to the emergency respond to unexpected disasters. The world vision operates mainly with projects to target its clients. The relief projects could be short terms while project like rehabilitating people can last longer even up to 15 years. The main goal for the program is to empower the community and hel p the people to become self-reliant via a number of activities that could include health benefits, leadership development and trainings in small businesses. Besides relief and long-term projects, world vision is also involvement in emergency responsible. Initially the organisation only focused on helping children and meeting their long-term needs like education but it has since revised its policies and now offers emergency services. When tsunami hit Japan, the organisation was among the first ones to respond to the disaster and provided relief services. It was also very actively involved in the Haitian earthquake as well as that of Chile. It distributed emergency materials to Miyagi and also provides clean water, blankets, food and temporary shelters. The main goal of world vision has still remained to focus on children especially those orphaned by HIV/AIDS and offer them basic needs, education and social support. This has enabled the organisation to be very strong in empowering the society. Conclusion Generally, the change in economical output and productivity of businesses can be influenced by corporate citizenship. The government polices and the public policies have an impact on the way CSR is implemented and the distribution of resources. The implementation can be decreased when the government gain more trust from the public or when the economy greatly improves and when the public demands the government should take more responsibility on the social welfare on the community. As already implied companies are not island and need to develop good relationship with the community as corporate citizens as well. It has a second benefit of improving the company’s reputation besides the feeling of satisfaction for doing the right thing. Recommendations We recommend that the $200,000 be allocated to health activities. This is a good place to exercise corporate responsibility (Aaronson Reeves, 2002, p. 67). Humanitarian activities are not about competition but collective responsibilities and consequently, organisation that are pursuing these goals need to work together in partnership. It is recommended that the organisations that support provision of water and sanitation as well as hygiene projects. Access to clean water is very critical for the community’s basic health and it can actually reduce the mortality rates of children in Australia. Considering that accidents happen unexpectedly and cause serious damage and mayhem, there needs to be better and enhanced international and regional coordination of the Australian humanitarian projects. The health systems are usually the most affected in such events. The Australian policy provides that health should be given the highest priority especially infectious diseases among children. World vision seeks to prevent this as the Red Cross supplied medical equipment and material to be used. Reference List Aaronson, S Reeves, J., 2002, Corporate Responsibility in the Global Village: The Role of Public Policy. National Policy Association, Washington, DC. Australian Red Cross, 2009, Organization Structure. Web. Garth, L., 2007, How is the Neighbours’ Health? May 2007, World Vision, Australia. Web. Gibbs, E.A Grey, P. G. 2006, Five Foundations Of Human Development: Is Our Material Driven Life A Threat, Authorhouse, Bloomington P. 141. Johnson, J.A., Stoskopf, C.H., 2010, Comparative Health Systems: Global Perspectives, Jones Bartlett Learning: Sudbury, MA. Oppenheimer, M., 2008. Volunteering: Why We Can’t Survive Without It, UNSW Press: Sydney. Rondinelli, D. 2006. ‘Globalization Of Sustainable Development? Principles And Practices In Transnational Corporations,’ Paper Presented At MESD 2006 International Research Colloquium In The Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Suter, K. 2010. Australian Red Cross Society, Global Direction. Tim, K Claire, M., 2003. ‘Empowering the People? World Vision and ‘Transformatory Developmentâ€℠¢ In Northern Tanzania,’ Review Of African Political Economy, 39 (96): 293-304. World Vision International, 2009. History. Web. This assessment on Resource Distribution: Corporate Social Responsibility Policy was written and submitted by user Alannah Little to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Electric shock therapy which will be referred as s Essays

Electric shock therapy which will be referred as s Essays Electric shock therapy which will be referred as shock in this paper is a highly controversial treatment plan. Electric Shock Therapy is misused without proper communication of informed consent with the psychiatric survivor and be a form of violation of human rights and against medical ethics. The treatment plan itself a multi-billion-dollar industry. The discovery of ECT started in Rome, Italy in 1938 by two psychiatrists called Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini in a slaughter house. This discovery started when they would apply electros to the temples of the pigs which eased or made them unconscious making the process of slaughter efficient and quick ( " The Brutal Reality: Harmful Psychiatric Treatments", 2010) . In contrast, as for human civilization ECT was misused mainly prior to 1950s and 1960s where pharmaceutical drugs such as antidepressant drugs were not available. During those times consenting with family members or patients was not foll owed through prior of the procedure, ETC was portrayed as a form of punishment for individuals who are not seen as "normal" to psychiatrists. To understand the misuse of shock therapy, it's important to know the procedure and why it is still used in today's world. Shock therapy is used for the following illnesses: individuals who think of killing themselves, hearing or seeing what others are not hear or see and when the use of psychiatric drugs is not helping (Kraus, Chandarana, 1997.) . The procedure a ccording to the National Institute of Mental Health , the use of "small" amounts of electric currents typically 200-450 volts from 0.5 to 5 seconds are passed through the brain creating a seizure like effect. It continues to do so for approx. 30-60 seconds leaving the psychiatric survivor unconscious. This continues either daily or every other day for 1 to 2 weeks ( . To make the process less horrific and painful as it used to be , the use of muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine and the use of anesthesia along with pre-oxygenation of the brain may help "eliminate" (destroy the memory) of the procedure. However, this does not change the fact that there is electricity passing through the brain. The side effects consist of possible brain damage, temporary or most cases permanent memory loss which include the psychiatric survivor's personal experiences in life or certain events. Other improvement s made to this procedure is the EEG seizure monitoring and other biomedical devices made to make the process more efficient. In the years of 2010 till 2011, 16,529 ECT treatments have been carried out in Ontario along with 75,000 treatments delivered in total in Canada respectively (Toronto Star). These numbers are currently progressing higher. In Ontario ECT is covered under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan. The industry itself is a multimillionaire money making of course the officials would not support to ban such therapy rather make as much use of it and promote the treatment. Shock therapy is a good source of money on an average American hospital a series of treatmen t can cost between $8,000 (series of 8 treatments) additional with the cost of staying at the hospital. An average American psychiatrist who has specialized in ECT can earn up to 300,000 to 500,000 a year. According to the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2009 to 2010 925,060 patients were hospitalized with mainly depression out of that number 20,251 underwent ETC . Doing the calculation, the elec troshock industry is roughly making $ 162,000,000 yearly. It's a shame that the government officials support the use of shock therapy even though its strong link to violations of our laws of freedom, including freedom of speech and freedom from assault. According to an article in the Globe and Mail, 66-year-old retired nurse was diagnosed with Bipolar disorder during the 1980's and she has been kept as an involuntary patient many times. Currently is she being detained since February 2012 as an involuntary patient and according the claim she has made she had approximately 300 sessions of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Additionally, for her to be released from the hospital she is required to take psychotropic medication. This is a case of misuse for Electric Shock therapy as it is a violation of an individual human rights as

Analyse the hrm aspects and procedures of an organization of your Assignment

Analyse the hrm aspects and procedures of an organization of your choice - Assignment Example Such policies address the 4C’s, which is another trait of the Harvard HRM theory. The 4C’s, which stand for the commitment, competence of the workers, and the cost effectiveness and congruence of an organisation’s HRM department, are factors that contribute to the company’s overall effectiveness. Most human resource divisions monitor processes such as the employment, training, and appraisal of their employees. Recruitment An organisation’s recruitment process can either be external or internal. It might consist of functions such as advertisement in elements of the mass media, job application procedures, selection, and finally training. Prior to engaging in hiring, most organisations will do researches on the existing suitable candidates for the available positions and then conduct tests on all applicants so as to find out their areas of competence. Recruitment is a vital stage for all organisations because hiring semi skilled workers can adversely a ffect a company’s productivity. It is not regarded by corporate heads as a process that is the responsibility of junior heads. Recruitment usually requires the input of management executives and long-term planning to ensure that the best candidates are gotten for the existing vacancies. In the recent past, there has been a lot of competition between different companies for the most talented workers between different companies. Most recruiters wish to employ well rounded workers who will fit in with their corporate cultures and add positive characteristics to it. Recruiters also tend to look for candidates who can work well in teams or groups and will actually motivate others through their contributions. In many cases, even skilled candidates have to undergo a period of training in order to learn more about their new company. Most organisations use rigorous employment methods in order to ensure that they only use their resources to train candidates that will give back to the c ompany. Employee Development and Training There is a different training program for new workers in every organisation. Each company’s training program is concerned with its particular needs. It is not just the new recruits who develop from training programs in most companies, but the existing workers can also learn new skills that might enable them to benefit from promotions. Making new plans for recruitment programs is also a program that helps companies to discover areas where they might need to improve or develop more. To make sure that they have competent training programs, most organisations evaluate the existing programs for shortcomings and then make the needed improvements while incorporating new procedures. In the present, business arena, most organisations use different methods to train new recruits. There are many companies, for instance, that make use of online training when seeking to hire students or employees from far flung locations. Using this kind of distant learning is a cost effective measure as it trains potential workers on all aspects of operations of the company while saving on travelling costs. Students, particularly, are enthusiasts of this method because they may be qualified and apply for a position even while taking their final

Individualised Education Plan for a child with ADD Essay

Individualised Education Plan for a child with ADD - Essay Example As it involves the hands, this activity which is carried out through multi-sensory movement affects individual psychology, for example, impulse control. Handwriting stimulates the brain with controlled stimulus and helps the child develop impulse control over a certain period of time. The executive functions of the frontal lobes of the brain which are common in autism and ADHD children can also be stimulated favourably for Marcus (Retrain the Brain, â€Å"Autism†). Capitalizing on this method of fine-tuning a child’s gross motor skills, the teacher must use handwriting in the class as much as possible. The teacher can also encourage doodling in the class in order to focus Marcus’s attention and motor skills on one particular activity at a time (Chatterjee, p. 2). The teacher can also call on Marcus to write on the blackboard as much as possible. â€Å"Writing on the board is a tremendous tool to use to help students develop fine motor skills, as the large body m ovements needed for writing on the board are prerequisites skills needed to eventually be successful with writing on lined paper† (Lougy, et.al., p. 93). In order to improve on Marcus’s self help skills, which would include his recognition of his drawer and his ability to place his things in the drawer in an orderly fashion, requires yet again the assistance of the teacher and also Marcus’s parents. By developing such skills, it is possible for Marcus to imbibe a sense of organization and intellectual devotion to a certain task, including that of taking care of his things. In the classroom, the teacher can colour-code the academic materials to be used. For example, all materials in relation to English can be coloured blue. Notebooks, books, binders, folders, and all related classroom materials can also be coloured blue (ADDitude, â€Å"ADHD Treatment†). The teacher can also place instructions or step-by-step routines in colourful signs in the classroom. For example,

Research Questions & Hypotheses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Questions & Hypotheses - Essay Example The campus and its supporters are very proud of the sports programs. The most popular sports are mens football and womens softball. Although the football team boasts of winning seasons year after year, it is by no means a powerhouse. The softball team, though, is consistently conference champions and once won the national championship. Therefore, the popularity of sports has been a solid marketing feature of the university along with its well-respected academic programs. Even with all this popularity, all parties agree it is important to grow the campus to maintain its reputation and compete with peer institutions. The new strategic plan at Foothills University reports a need to increase student enrollments by 15% over the next five years. As part of this initiative, three new academic programs are to be implemented, although the subject matter is open to study. Most of the universitys academic programs are at the bachelors level with 6,000 students and a few masters programs with 1,500 students. The executives and board of trustees thought about adding doctoral programs, but are concerned about the potential effects on the universitys liberal arts mission as well as the impact to finances. The Vice President for Academic Affairs has been tasked by the president to oversee the process. Not wanting to make rash decisions about where to increase enrollments and what type of programs to implement, the VP convened a task force to research the issues. He expects the task force to conduct formal, empirical research to study the issues. It has been unanimously agreed that the crux of economic development and poverty alleviation lie in the education. That’s the reason that colleges and universities are deemed not only an engine to socio-economic development but also recognized as invaluable economic assets. Findings suggest that socioeconomic factors and academic factors are not all that separated; they work in tandem. The academically and

Health Demographics in Derbyshire

Health Demographics in Derbyshire (Derby city council, 2013) Dermography Alvaston is in the south east of Derby city centre and approximately covers 702 hectares. It has expanded with the arrival of the railways and linked employment in the 19th century (Derby city council, 2011). The population of Alvaston is 16,255. 50.3 % are females and males make 49.7% and this follows a national trend (D.C.C, 2011). Alvaston has a higher number of children of the ages of 0-4, 2% more than England average (ONS, 2011). An increase in number of children is said to be a result of having a large population of women of childbearing age. This is reflected in the Ward. There is a higher percentage of women in this age range, potentially increasing the number of children in the Ward (ONS, 2013). Due to the vast improvements in healthcare infant mortality rates have continually decreased over the years (ONS, 2013). The high number of children can increase pressures on the local services such as childcare providers, schools and health visiting services. Gender Fig 2. According to ONS (2011) Alvaston ward has more females than males and this follows a national trend. Naidoo and Wills (2010) points out that women live 6 years longer than men on average. This is said to be because women are more likely to report illness and are less likely to be in full time employment, therefore having easier access to healthcare while men are exposed to unsafe working environments and tend to adopt risky behaviours socially, like alcoholism and they contribute to a high number of accidents. (Annandale and Hunt, 2000) Ethnicity Adapted by Author (ONS,2011)Fig 3. Alvaston Ward is not ethnically diverse, its population is predominantly white, accounting to 88% of the ward population, slightly higher than national average (ONS, 2011). However Asians make 5% of the biggest ethnic group population. Ethnicity plays a role in terms of illness and behaviour, furthermore some diseases are more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, and for example, cardiovascular diseases are more common in Asian men (NHS, 2015). Genetics cannot be altered but it is important for health professionals to be aware of such groups to allow proper preventative preparation and screening processes for diseases and illnesses prevalent in particular ethnic groups. Disease Paterns Adapted by Author:ONS,2012Fig 4. Morbidity Alvaston has good access to primary care services. There are three Gp practices, four pharmacies, four dental practices and an Optometrists serving the ward (Derby city council,2012).The ward has a significantly high percentage of people with emergency hospital admissions for myocardial infarction, 40% more than national average (local health.org.uk).The main cause of MI is smoking Coronary heart disease is also high at 38% more than national average. According to Naidoo and Wills (2010) coronary heart disease is one of the most commonly reported longstanding illness in the UK. It is the most common cause of premature death, and often results from a number of lifestyles factors (see Fig ) such as diet high in fat, smoking, alcohol and lack of exercise (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). Health practitioners have a role to construct programmes to tackle causation factors and educating the public about the risks accredited to certain habits and practices. Mortality Fig 5. Mortality is one of the indicators of deprivation, early mortality rates from Coronary heart disease are 39% higher in Alvaston compared to nationally (PHE, 2013). The death rates from CHD has increased to three times higher among unskilled man than among professionals (DOH, 1999). CHD is caused by key lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, lack of exercise and high blood pressure (DOH, 1999). The ward is also high in smoking (see lifestyle graph). Poorer people are often exposed to highest risk as low socio economic status and lack of education seem to be associated with behavioural risk factors for CHD (Hemmingway, 2007). The increase of influencing factors to CHD start in childhood, and this has authenticated the healthy child programme.(DOH,2008). Although there are many causes of CHD, communities need to be made aware of the changeable risk factors. Unemployment has also shown to increase the risk of CHD, unemployment levels are higher in Alvaston compared to nationally. The DOH(2000) government document ‘Saving Lives: Our healthier nation has recommended that Health and Local authorities should lead the development and implementation of a comprehensive local programme of effective policies to reduce smoking, promoting healthy eating, physical activity and reducing overweight and obesity. In Alvaston, these services are provided by the Live-well, which is a local authority project. Cancer incidence Adapted by author: ONS, 2011Fig 6. Over 250 000 people in England are diagnosed with cancer, despite the developments made to tackle it, a big gap remains in mortality rates (Naidoo Wills, 2010). The increase in cancer rates is said to be a result of longer life expectancy, however according to ( ) work environment contribute to cancer mortalities. Workers from low class jobs are twice as likely to die from cancer as compared to professionals are (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). In Alvaston the majority of the workforce are in elementary jobs (see Fig ) and there are many smokers therefore increasing the prevalence of lung cancer to 44% more than national average. The NHS Framework, a strategy for cancer has set out actions to be used to tackle preventable causes of cancer (DOH, 2011). The focus is primary, this is aimed at health education and support for behaviour changes, especillially in relation to smoking and healthy eating. And secondary focus is intended at increasing the uptake of screening services (DOH.2011). And some of the environmental factors that are linked to cancer are being acknowledged and developed (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). Life expectancy Adapted by Author: ONS, 2011Fig 7. Life expectancy at birth defects in Alvaston is worse off compared to national average, Males at 5% worse and females at 4% worse (ONS, 2011). According to Doyal and Payne (2011) Lower life expectancy is linked to deprivation and lower socio economic status. Determinants of Health Determinants are described by World Health Organisation (2013) as the causes that impact health, such as conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age including the health system. Some of these determinants are changeable like social, economic, environmental conditions that influence the health of individuals and populations (Marmot, 2010).Availability of resources that improve quality of life can have a big impact on population health outcomes, for example, availability of healthy foods, affordable housing, access to education and health services (Marmot, 2010) and these determinants can be altered either at community or social policy level. Index of Multiple deprivation Adapted by Author: (ONS,2012)Fig 8. Indices of multiple deprivation are those factors that are used to measure deprivation in an area. These measures include measurement of income, health, education and housing (Derby city council, 2012). Alvaston is one of the most deprived wards in the country, ranked fourth most deprived of all Derby Wards (Derby city council, 2010). Index of Multiple Deprivations (IMDs) measures level of deprivation in lower layer super output areas (LSOAs) (Derby city council, 2012) Childhood poverty is significantly high in the ward at 15% higher than national average, disadvantaged older people measure high at 25%, makes it 7% higher than national average, income deprivation also measure at 7% higher than England average (Derby city council, 2012). Green et-al (2015) points out that constant childhood poverty is damaging as it does not only affect in short term but it has long lasting effects and it adds to sustaining cycles of deprivation. In order to reduce childhood poverty, the government has set strategies to tackle inequalities (Green at-al, 2015). Fair society, healthy Lives document, and its first recommendations from the Marmot review (2010), are that every child is given the best start in life. These recommendations are sanctioned through a wide range of policy initiatives, including sure start, healthy child programme and Child Poverty Act, 2010. (Marmot, 2010). Education Adapted by Author: ONS, 2012Fig 8. Education is an important social determinant of health Ungerleider et-al (2009). There is a pointedly higher percentage, totalling to 33% of people with no qualification in Alvaston than England average of 23% (Derby city council, 2011). Education is linked to other health determinants in that good education increases the prospects of getting a safe and well-paying job with good working conditions (Benatar and Brook, 2011).educated individuals tend to adopt healthy lifestyles behaviours, furthermore it is Identified Health Need Adapted by Author: ONS,2012Fig 9. Coronary heart disease (CHD) Coronary heart disease is described as the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which are one of the important structures in the heart, due to build-up of fatty material within their walls and therefore damaging these vessels and thus limiting their ability to deliver blood to many organs including the heart.(BHF,2010)(Granato,2008). Coronary heart disease is also classed as cardiovascular disease, and these are said to be one of the main causes of death in Europe (BHF). In Alvaston there is a substantial percentage of coronary heart disease, amounting to 177 percent, almost doubling national average amongst the under 75s (ONS, 2012). According to the Derby city council (2012) health and wellbeing is determined by many factors, and it is clear that effects on health can be due to a number of interrelating variables. Coronary heart disease is caused by many lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet (high in fat and salt), obesity and not exercising. Other factors include family history, ethnicity and co-existing predisposing factors like Diabetes and High blood pressure (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). The more risk factors an individual has the more they are likely to develop Coronary heart disease and the risk increases with age (British heart foundation, 2012). There is a small percentage of people eating healthy on the Ward and as already discussed that this is linked to CHD. Obesity increases the risk by 46 percent and physical inactivity by 37 percent and this reflects the high levels of the disease in the ward (Derby city council, 2012). Although coronary heart disease typically occur in middle age or later, it is said to be higher among the lower socio-economic communities and more men die as a result of CHD while women are more likely to die from stroke, and this is said to be due to behavioural factors associated with the risks (Doyal and Payne, 2011). To combat Heart disease the government has put in place many policies in collaboration with the Food Standards Agency to reduce the intake levels of unhealthy eating and salt (Marmot, 2010) (WHO,2015). The Department of Health document, ‘Saving Lives: Our healthier Nation(1999) has also made recommendation to tackle coronary Heart Disease There has been a reduction in the advertisements for unhealthy foods during children’s television programmes (NICE, 2010). Clear labelling and traffic light system on food labels were introduced to encourage people to make healthy option choices (DOH, 1999) (British heart Foundation). Promoting physical activity in the workplace is very well encouraged across the country and the use of green space areas to encourage exercise (Marmot, 2010) as well as introducing plain standardised tobacco packaging and banning tobacco advertisements and Smoking cessation (The white paper,2010).

FBIs Unique Role in the United States Law Enforcement Community Essay

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has a unique role in the United States law enforcement community. The FBI is not a national police force, unlike other nations (such as France, Italy, Spain and Columbia) where patrol units and first responders are organized under the national government. The FBI is purely an investigative and intelligence agency and focuses on cross jurisdictional crimes and national security issues. Its stated mission is â€Å"To protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners† (FBI.gov). To accomplish its mission, the FBI does not have the relative manpower of the national police forces of other nations and even of some local police forces in the United States – the New York City Police Department has an authorize d strength of 37,838 uniformed officers (NYC.gov) whereas the FBI only has 33,652 employees nationwide (of which only 13,412 are special agents) (FBI.gov). Due to this manpower issue, the bureau must focus its limited resources on those areas where there is the most need and where its services will provide the most utility. For this, the FBI creates a strategic plan every five years to identify and prioritize its areas of focus. The FBI’s strategy is developed based on the changing threat environment and other â€Å"drivers† such as global and domestic demographics, economics, foreign policy, technology developments, new laws and the changing role of the state (FBI). The latest strategic plan published in 2004 laid out the following 8 ranked priorities (FBI): 1. Protect ... ...ps, that the FBI should place a greater emphasis on doing so, especially when illicit criminal enterprises are responsible for much of the other crime listed as FBI priorities. Works Cited FBI. (2004). Strategic Plan 2004 – 2009. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/publications/strategicplan/strategicplanfull.pdf FBI.gov. (2010). About Us – Quick Facts. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/quickfacts.htm Jiminez, David, (2010). Week 2 Added Material Mueller, Robert. FBI Mission Statement. Retrieved from http://anchorage.fbi.gov/mission.htm NYC.gov. (2010). Frequently Asked Questions | Police Administration. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/faq/faq_police.shtml#1 Poteat, Eugene. (2001).The Attack on America’s Intellectual Property: Espionage after the Cold War. Retrieved from http://www.tbp.org/pages/publications/Bent/Features/W01Poteat.pdf

Appropriation of Romeo and Juliet

Discuss the appropriation of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Romeo+Juliet’ by Baz Luhrmann Texts and ideas from texts are appropriated and transformed into other text forms and other compositions in a different context. An appropriation is a text that is appropriated or taken over by another composer and presented in a new way. Romeo and Juliet’ is a well-known high culture text that is a tragedy about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. In the 1997 film, Baz Luhrmann has taken what is valued about the original play of ‘Romeo and Juliet’; the themes, evocative language and poetry, the timeless storyline and humour, and has placed it in a context which is accessible and appealing to a modern audience.This essay will demonstrate how and why Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ has been appropriated and valued for modern audiences in relation to: variations in the reactions to the text over time, differences and similarities between language, settings, prologue and chorus, themes, characterisation, techniques, values and contexts, as well as different readings of the play and other appropriations. Shakespeare’s time was an age of great change, as the old ways were being questioned, and more than any other Renaissance figure, Shakespeare exposed an ability to use the past and shape it for his own dramatic needs.As a result of this, his ideas and storyline in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ were being questioned. The earliest registered critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys who, in 1662 wrote: â€Å"it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life†. Ten years later, the poet John Dryden wrote â€Å"Shakespeare show’d the best of his skill in his Mercutio†, praising the play and its comic character Mercutio. In the mid-18th century, writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the p lay was a failure in that it did not follow the classical conventions of drama.However, writer and critic Samuel Johnson thought it to be one of Shakespeare’s â€Å"most pleasing† plays. It is evident that â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† has received mixed reactions, but also gained value by responders as the context has changed over the years. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’, Shakespeare applied two specific aspects of life in Renaissance Italy to create the complication of his play. The first was the history of bloody interfamily disagreements that degraded Italian cities uring the Renaissance era, and the second was the fashionable approach to love, based on the poetry of Petrarch (1304-1374, an Italian poet who wrote about love). However, Shakespeare does not simply adopt and recount history; instead he modified the civil wars of the period into a minor war; a family feud that takes place in a stable state. Also, he contrasted the fiction act of the Petrarchan lo ver with the experience of a young man who is truly in love (Romeo). Baz Luhrmann approaches his new version of ‘Romeo+Juliet’ with the same intent.He entertains contemporary viewers by using modern ideas to convey the values embodied in the play and the impossible love, hate and sorrow that are the essence of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Introducing these same ideas in a different context has proven the value of Shakespeares’ storyline and the importance of the morals associated with it. An aspect of Shakespeare’s play and Luhrmann’s film that varies is the setting. The play is set in the 16th century in Verona, whilst Baz Luhrmann’s film takes place on Verona Beach, 20th century times, resembling Los Angeles.The setting of the film is a striking contrast to the Elizabethan England of William Shakespeare; hence the attitudes expressed in the film vary from those conveyed in the play. This also contributes in articulating the contemporary at titude to religion, violence, duty, etc and how it has significantly changed from those of 16th century England. A major feature that Luhrmann has maintained in his film is the original Shakespearean language that characterises the play.Although the meaning of particular sentences has been changed, other parts have been emphasised. An example is Mercutio’s speech at Sycamore grove, the dialogue is very similar, â€Å"Her wagoner [Queen Mab], a small grey-coated gnat†¦ And in this state she gallops night by night† and this has been reiterated by close up shots of Mercutio’s face, showing his emotions. Also the famous line; â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo! – wherefore art thou Romeo? † is from the original play and has been reinforced by an offer gaze from Juliet, showing her love for Romeo.This shows contemporary audiences Luhrmanns’ ability to capture the core of the tragedy through traditional Shakespearean text, and that even though the context has changed over the years, the language of Shakespeare is highly valued and pondered by the majority of people. In addition, a difference in the film by Baz Luhrmann, compared to the play by Shakespeare is the prologue and chorus. In Shakespeare’s original production, the chorus would have entered the Globe Theatre, and to gain the audiences’ attention, would yell â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity† and the rest of his part.In Luhrmanns’ portrayal of the chorus, he instead uses close up shots of a television with an African American woman delivering a news report. Whereas Shakespeare’s audience were aurally dependent, modern audiences rely immensely on visual aspects of Luhrmanns’ ‘Romeo+Juliet’. The use of the television ‘caught’ the contemporary audiences’ eye and the African American woman represents the historically important legacy of the civil rights black movement, which is another aspect tha t appeals and relates to a modern audience.This shows that the variation in context has led to new values which Luhrmann has incorporated in his film, proving his appropriation of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is much more superior to Shakespeare’s play for a contemporary audience. A vital component and similarity in Shakespeares’ play and Luhrmanns’ film are the themes. Baz Luhrmann has kept the same themes and ideas from the original play in his film which shows they are actually timeless and can impact on all audiences, no matter what age they are a part of. One of the key themes in the play and film is love.When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, he forgets his former love Rosaline and falls genuinely in love with Juliet. She in turn responds to him with a love that is innocent and eager. Another important theme in the two texts is hate. Peace is destroyed by the hatred that the Montague’s and Capulet’s feel for each other and the causes o f this are not important, the results are. The love of Romeo and Juliet provides a strong contrast to the hate and are aspects of the play that do not have to be â€Å"modernised†.Hate and love can be interpreted as the duality of human life; hence even though the context of the film has differed from the play, these two themes remain to be just as relevant today as they were in Shakespeare’s time. Furthermore, Baz Luhrmann has taken a modern perspective on each character, giving them character traits that may have only been hinted at in Shakespeares’ play. An example is the different representations of Romeo’s first meeting with Juliet at the masked ball.In Shakespeares’ play, the use of language conventions such as sexual innuendo, as well as the line; â€Å"And palm to palm is the holy plamers’ kiss† portrays Juliet as either being a guarded character who is not interested in Romeo to an otherwise much more sexual and suggestive pe rsonality. On the other hand in the film, Juliet is conveyed as a flirtatious and completely exotic character. In the scene where she meets with Romeo, Luhrmann reinforces Juliet’s sensual eye movements, with close-up shots, as she gazes past the fish in the fish tank to lock with Romeo’s eyes.Shakespeare’s characterisation of Romeo and Juliet appealed to the late 16th century audience, however as times have changed, so has the context, and Luhrmann expresses his characterisation of the couple as a way of reaching out to his young and contemporary target audience. Additionally, it is vital to remember that in the 17th and 18th centuries, plays were enacted in theatres and Shakespeare’s audience came to the play with a significant level of aural exposure, whereas Luhrmanns’ film is more visually developed. Hence, a key variation in the two text types is the techniques used.Shakespeare has expressed his ability to use diverse language to appeal to hi s audience. An example is the balcony scene of Act II Scene II, when Romeo says; â€Å"It is my lady, O it is my love†, reinforced with hyperbole â€Å"two of the fairest stars in all the heaven†, exaggerating the view of Juliets’ sparkling eyes. Another example is Shakespeares’ use of puns and bawdy or sexual jokes, which can be seen in Act I Scene IV, when Romeo, Mercutio and Benvolio discuss going to the Capulet’s party; â€Å"A torch for me! Let wantons light of heart, Tickle the senseless rushes with their heels. (Romeo jokes about the ladies at the Capulet party being immoral when they are actually respectable). An additional language feature evident is the use of similes; â€Å"It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night like a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear†. Romeo says this line to describe Juliet when he first sees her. The Elizabethan culture understood the puns, the sexual jokes, as well as the language that is found so anc ient and old in the 20th century. All these language conventions prove that Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to entertain his audience, writing within the context of his culture.On the other hand, Baz Luhrmann has adopted a style very much of his own in creating the film ‘Romeo+Juliet’. To appeal to a contemporary audience, Luhrmann has used multiple visual techniques. One example is the use of costumes, at the Capulet ball Tybalt was dressed as a devil. This shows his evil and violent personality, representing the theme of violence and hatred. Camera work is another technique used effectively; an example is in the final scene when alternating close ups of Romeo and Juliets’ fingers moving are shown, which creates dramatic irony as we see Juliet waking up just as Romeo prepares to kill himself.Luhrmann also uses playful humour which can be seen when Romeo stumbles over to reach Juliet, appealing to his young audience. In addition Latin and punk m usic, a children’s choir and a production number is used in the film to create a blissful and contemporary atmosphere. It is evident, throughout the use of modern technology and visual techniques, Luhrmann has successfully made his appropriation of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ much more superior to Shakespeare’s play, for a modern audience. Moreover, a variation in values between the play and film is The Wheel of Fortune and religion.During Shakespeare’s time, it was widely believed that fate and/or fortune was the main controlling force in life. Just as a part of a wheel moves from a low to a high position or from high to low, so does a man’s life. Hence, Shakespeare used this value to portray the idea of as to what extent fate and to what extent human foolishness and error, contributed to the final tragedy. On the other hand, Luhrmann takes what implications of religion there are in the play and makes them a key visual focus in his film.Romeo and Jul iet have a relationship that is based around the church, and there is usually a cross or other religious symbol in the scenes in which they appear, encouraging the story to be viewed in a Christian context. Luhrmann uses his Christ imagery as a way to show contemporary audiences that the young lovers play a Christ-like role in their families – sacrificing themselves for the final peace between their families. Because of the lover’s sacrifice, Verona has hope for life, just as Christians in the world have hope for life because of their Saviour (God).Hence, Luhrmanns’ ‘Romeo+Juliet’ conveys the values of its original context whilst relating to his modern audience by depicting current social issues which make it more relevant and comprehensible to the audience. Furthermore, as the context of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by Shakespeare has changed, so has peoples’ interpretations of the play. Early psychoanalytic critics saw the complication o f ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in terms of Romeo’s overconfidence developing from â€Å"ill-controlled, partially disguised aggression†, which led to Mercutio’s death and the lovers suicide.In the late 1900’s, critics such as Julia Kristeva focused on the hatred between the Capulets and Montagues, arguing that this hatred caused Romeo and Juliet’s passion for each other. Juliet for example, speaks of â€Å"my only love sprung from my only hate† and usually articulates her love through an anticipation of Romeo’s death. Feminist literary critics debate that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona’s patriarchal society. For example, Coppelia Kahn, a feminist critic believes the firm, manlike code of violence implied on Romeo, is the main force driving the tragedy to its end.In this view, the teenagers â€Å"become men† by involving themselves in violence on behalf of their fathers. Juliet also obeys a female code of purity and obedience and she demonstrates this by allowing others, such as the Friar to solve her problems for her. This shows that ‘Romeo and Juliet’ has had many different readings over the years and critics’ values, professions and cultures can have a major influence on their interpretations. In addition, Luhrmanns’ ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is not the only appropriation of Shakespeares’ play. The play has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera.David Garrick’s 18th century version modified many scenes, removing material then thought of as offensive, and Georg Benda’s adaption excluded much of the action and added a happy ending. Performances in the 19th century, such as Charlotte Cushman’s, updated the original text, and centred on greater realism. In 1935, John Gielgud’s version reinforced the Elizabethan culture and costumes, and kept very close to Shakespeare’s text. In the 20th century, the play has been diversely adapted, including the 1950’s musical ‘West Side Story’ and the 1996’s MTV-inspired ‘Romeo and Juliet’.It is evident that Shakespeares play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ has a timeless storyline as well as powerful themes and language, and has been appropriated multiple times as the text is highly valued. In conclusion, it is now clear that William Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is highly valued and Baz Luhrmann has taken what is valued about the original play; the themes, evocative language and poetry, the timeless storyline and humour, and has placed it in a context which is accessible and appealing to a contemporary audience.The variations in the reactions to the text over time, differences and similarities between language, settings, prologue and chorus, themes, characterisation, techniques, values and contexts, as well as different readings of the play and other appropriations has shown how and why the text has been appropriated and remains immensely valued. It is through appropriations like Luhrmann’s, which have continually rekindled the fire to enable the original storyline of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to be perceived by an ever changing audience.